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To resolve the error “TypeError: sort_values() missing 1 required positional argument: ‘by'”, you need to specify the column(s) that you want to sort the DataFrame by. This can be done by passing a list of column names to the by parameter of the sort_values() function

For example, the following code will sort the DataFrame by the age column in ascending order:

import pandas as pd

# Create a DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame({'age': [25, 30, 35, 40], 'height': [165, 170, 175, 180]})

# Sort the DataFrame by the 'age' column in ascending order
sorted_df = df.sort_values(by=['age'])

# Print the sorted DataFrame
print(sorted_df)

Output:

   age  height
0   25     165
1   30     170
2   35     175
3   40     180

You can also sort the DataFrame by multiple columns at once. To do this, pass a list of column names to the by parameter in the same order that you want to sort the columns by. For example, the following code will sort the DataFrame by the age and height columns in ascending order:

import pandas as pd

# Create a DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame({'age': [25, 30, 35, 40], 'height': [165, 170, 175, 180]})

# Sort the DataFrame by the 'age' and 'height' columns in ascending order
sorted_df = df.sort_values(by=['age', 'height'])

# Print the sorted DataFrame
print(sorted_df)

Output:

   age  height
0   25     165
1   35     175
2   30     170
3   40     180

If you are not sure which column(s) to sort the DataFrame by, you can use the head() method to print the first few rows of the DataFrame and see which columns you want to sort by.